In metaphysics, a universal refers to what particular things have in common, such as characteristics or qualities. Universals are repeatable or recurrent entities that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things. For example, if there are two chairs in a room, each of which is green, these two chairs share the quality of “chairness” as well as greenness or the quality of being green; in other words, they share two “universals”.
There are three major kinds of qualities or characteristics: types or kinds (e.g., mammal), properties (e.g., short, strong), and relations. Universals are used to explain relations of identity and resemblance among individuals. Realists endorse universals, while conceptualists and nominalists refuse to accept universals and deny that they are needed. Conceptualists explain similarity among individuals by appealing to general concepts or ideas, things that exist only in minds.
The history of universal metaphysics is a fascinating journey that has engaged metaphysicians for over two thousand years. The concept of universals, which refer to what particular things have in common, such as characteristics or qualities, has been a subject of intense debate and exploration.
Early Development
The history of universal metaphysics can be traced back to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who discussed the nature of being and the first causes of things. Aristotle’s work, particularly his exploration of universals and their role in explaining relations of qualitative identity and resemblance among individuals, laid the foundation for the subsequent development of universal metaphysics.
Evolution of Thought
Over the centuries, the concept of universals has been a central topic of investigation by metaphysicians. The debate has revolved around the necessity of universals to explain relations of qualitative identity and resemblance among individuals. This has led to the emergence of three broad camps: realists, conceptualists, and nominalists. Realists endorse universals, while conceptualists and nominalists refuse to accept universals and deny that they are needed.
Contemporary Relevance
The discussion about universals remains central to contemporary metaphysics. Realists are still opposed by nominalists, and realists themselves are divided between those who adhere to something like Plato’s conception of universals and those who favor Aristotle’s. The debate continues to shape the philosophical discourse on the nature of reality and the fundamental entities that underpin our understanding of the world.
Influence on Philosophical Thought
The history of universal metaphysics has had a profound impact on the development of philosophical thought. It has prompted deep reflections on the nature of existence, the relationship between individuals and universals, and the fundamental principles that govern our understanding of reality. The exploration of universals has been intertwined with broader metaphysical inquiries, contributing to the rich tapestry of philosophical discourse.
Universal Metaphysics and Saint Germain
The concept of universal metaphysics intersects with the teachings associated with Saint Germain, a figure with a significant presence in esoteric and New Age beliefs. Saint Germain is associated with a widespread contemporary esoteric school known as “Saint Germain’s Metaphysics,” which is said to derive from ancient teachings of medieval alchemy attributed to Saint Germain, as well as from Helena Blavatsky’s Theosophy and hybrid cosmological principles from the New Age’s eclectic movement.
Teachings and Doctrine
The so-called Saint Germain’s Metaphysics emphasizes individual spiritual development through specific meditation techniques oriented toward the unfolding of the inner divine self, referred to as the “I Am.” It stresses the pursuit of spiritual growth and self-realization, drawing from a blend of ancient teachings, Theosophy, and New Age cosmological principles.
Association with New Age Beliefs
In New Age beliefs, Saint Germain is associated with the color violet, the jewel amethyst, and is regarded as the “Chohan of the Seventh Ray.” According to The Theosophical Society, the Seven Rays are metaphysical principles that govern individual souls and the unfolding of each Astrological Age. Saint Germain is sometimes referred to as “The Hierarch of the Age of Aquarius,” aligning with the New Age concept of spiritual evolution and cosmic influences.
Influence on Esoteric Literature
Saint Germain’s teachings and influence have permeated esoteric literature, with works such as “Metafisica Para la Vida Diaria” (Metaphysics for Every Day’s Life) and “Saint Germain: Master Alchemist” reflecting the enduring interest in his metaphysical concepts and spiritual teachings.
Patron of Metaphysics
Saint Germain is considered the spiritual father of Metaphysics, and his teachings are foundational to the discipline. He is associated with various titles, including Master Saint Germain, Chohan of the Seventh Violet Ray, and Patron of Metaphysics, underscoring his significance in the realm of metaphysical teachings.
